The best formation for a quick counter attack is a 4-3-3, which means you'll be taking advantage of that wonderful overpowered through ball we all love so much, but it's effective at least. For slightly less fast counter-attacking try a 4-3-2-1 and counter down the middle of the pitch. With any luck, enough cpu players will have come forward that one or the other of your two men behind the striker will be able to receive the ball in a bit of space, and play in the centre forward nicely.
Quick Counter strategy is weird. It does indeed make all your players rush up the pitch when you win the ball and start an attack, but it also makes you play a high defensive line, which is not what you'd expect from a counter-attacking team. I find that when I use Quick Counter, it tends to create a Barcelona-type effect, with the defence playing very high and all the play squeezed into a small strip in the opposition's half. Basically the opposite of "quick counter".
Still haven't figured out which strategy is best for that. It's VERY hard in PES right now to play without the ball.